Valley fever is an infection caused by the Coccidioides fungus, which thrives in the top layers of soil in the American West. It spreads when soil is disturbed, releasing spores into the air that can be inhaled by humans and animals. The disease mainly affects the lungs but can also impact other body parts. Most individuals experience mild symptoms, but severe cases may necessitate hospitalization. The infection is most common in the U.S. Southwest, particularly Arizona and Southern California, with its spread potentially exacerbated by climate change. High-risk groups include those working in agriculture and construction, as well as certain demographics such as men and individuals with compromised immune systems. Preventive measures are limited, though N95 masks can reduce exposure. Research initiatives are underway to develop antifungal treatments and vaccines, with a canine vaccine expected by 2025 and a human vaccine in early development.